Category Archives: Personlig udvikling

Osnovne karakteristike graničnog poremećaja ličnosti

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Možda ste se susreli sa ovom dijagnozom i želite da znate nešto više o njoj. Pročitajte sljedeće i nadam se da će vam biti jasnije kroz kakve muke prolaze osobe sa ovom dijagnozom.

Continue reading Osnovne karakteristike graničnog poremećaja ličnosti →

Prije nego što počnemo samo jedno malo upozorenje. Dijagnoze su odrednice koje se koriste u psihijatriji. Dijagnoze nisu bolesti, već opisi funkcionisanja ličnosti u datom životnom razdoblju. Dijagnostika je kompleksan proces, te nemojte pasti u zamku poistovjećivanja osobe sa dijagnozom, jer ste pročitali ovaj ili bilo koji drugi članak o nekoj dijagnozi. Svaka osoba je posebna na svoj način. Psihijatri koriste dijagnoze da utvrde osnovne poteškoće i da pronađu najadekvatniji terapeutski prilaz. Svi se mi možemo prepoznati u jednoj ili više dijagnoza, ali to ne znači da ih i imamo. Dijagnoza se uspostavlja kada dođe do toga da određene osobine zagorčavaju život same osobe i ljudi oko nje u tolikoj mjeri, da možemo da govorimo o nečemu što nije ’normalno’ u socijalnim okvirima u kojima osoba živi.

Kao prvo, možemo reći da je GPL prvenstveno poremećaj ličnosti kojeg karakteriše emocionalna nestabilnost i impulsivnost.

Nestabilnost dolazi do izražaja u međuljudskim odnosima, promjenama raspoloženja, ponašanju i nestabilnom osjećaju identiteta ili sebstva.

Ove osobe imaju ogroman strah da ne budu ostavljene. Ovaj strah je, pored gore navedenih, jedna od osnovnih karakteristika osoba sa ovim poremećajem. Taj strah može biti realan ili umišljen. Osoba sa ovom dijagnozom će tumačiti događaje kroz filter svojih nestabilin emocionalnih matrica. Ako zakasnite na dogovor sa njom, ona će vjerovatno posmisliti da ste zakasnili jer ne želite da budete sa njom i da ćete je sigurno ostaviti. Vjerovatno će vrlo burno reagovati ljutnom. Ova situacija može biti vrlo neprijatna za osobu koja je zakasnila, kao i za osobu sa GPL.

Da, tačno je da se svi mi tako možemo osjećati s vremena ne vrijeme. Strah da ćemo biti ostavljeni nije nenormalan, a može biti i vrlo realan. Poremećaji ličnosti su ekstremni izražaji određenih karakteristika ličnosti. Osobe sa zdravom osnovom ličnosti neće dopustiti da ta situacija utiče predugo na njihovo generalno stanje. Osoba sa GPL će imati vrlo jak osjećaj iznevjerenosti ili potrebu da se osveti ili da uvrijedi drugu osobu. Osoba sa GPL je konstnanto nesigurna i nema osjećaj kontinuiteta u svom shvatanju identiteta. Svaka mala prepreka je može toliko prodrmati i dovesti u stanje očaja, jer nema stabilnost identiteta, koji je može zaštiti u takvim situacijama, u kojima bi druge osobe rekle sebi da će sve biti u redu i da se takve stvari dešavaju u životu i da uvijek mogu pokušati da nađu neko rješenje. Dakle osobe sa GPL ne umiju same sebe smiriti i utješiti. Zato se granični poremećaj ličnosti može definisati kao poremećaj identiteta.

U aktuelnom diagnostičkom sistemu DSM IV definisano je 10 poremećaja ličnosti. DSM IV je američki dijagnostički sistem. U Evropi se uglavnom koristi ICD 10.

Granični poremećaj ličnosti se razlikuje od ostalih poremećaja ličnosti po stepenu nestabilnosti ličnosti i nestabilnosti emocionalnih stanja. Osobe sa GPL će u vrlo kratkom roku promjeniti raspoloženje od tuge do radosti do ljutnje. Osobe oko njih mogu biti vrlo zbunjene ili čak šokirane ovakvnim naglim promjenama raspoloženja. Ovaj stepen emocionalne nestabilnost nećete vidjeti kod drugih poremećaja ličnosti.

Devet karakteristika graničnog poremećaja ličnosti

  1. Strah da ne budu napuštene/ostavljene.

Ovaj strah može biti stvaran ili umišljen. Umišljen strah je kada osoba misli da će je partner ili prijatelj napustiti poslije svake manje nesuglasice. Ove osobe su uvijek u stanju pripravnosti, jer očekuju da će biti ostavljene. Zbog konstantne napetosti i potrebe za potvrđivanje ove osobe, na taj način, će vezu i dovesti do raskida te time potvrditi svoje negativne sumnje.

  1. Nestabilni i veoma burni odnosi sa drugim ljudima

Odnosi ovih osoba su na početku obično strastveni i intenzivni. U tom periodu, osoba sa GPL, može da insistira da bude sa drugom osobom 24 sata dnevno. Vrlo brzo će dio te veze postati svađe, prepiranja i intenzivni napadi bijesa. Ovakve veze će uvijek biti opisane kao burne. To može biti odnos sa nekim iz familije, romantični odnos ili prijateljski odnos ili čak odnos sa kolegama sa posla.

  1. Poremećaj identiteta (Identity disturbance)

Ove osobe doslovce ne znaju ko su. U njima se odvija hronična borba misli o tome ko su i kako treba da se ponašaju. To je mučno stanje, jer taj osjećaj konstantno podjeća na misao da one ne znaju da žive u društvu. Ovaj poremećaj se ponekad manifestuje tako što osoba konstantno mijenja svoj vanjski izgled. Mijenja frizuru, način oblačenja iz ekstrema u ekstrem. Ove osobe će čak i promjeniti ime.

  1. Impulsivnost

Impulsivnost se najbolje može opisati kao nepromišljeno reagovanje. Opet, mnogi ljudi će s vremena na vrijeme nepromišljeno postupiti, ali kod ovih osoba, često je u pitanju ekstremno ili opasno ponašanje poput korištenja droga i alkohola, nepromišljeno trošenje novca, kockanje, ožderavanje (bing eating), te impulsivno seksualno ponašanje.

  1. Suicidalne misli ili ponašanje

Osobe sa GPL se nalaze u vrhu statistika po pokušajima samoubistva. To je ekstremni način da se nose sa osjećanjem napuštenosti: ”Ako me napustiš, ubiću se!”. Takođe, ove osobe često pronalaze utjehu u samopovrjeđivanju, tj. mogu da prave rezove na rukama ili nogama, te na taj način da se nose sa unutrašnjim haosom i emocionalnom boli zamjenjujući je fizičkim osjećajem bola. Ovo ponašanje je vrlo opasno i treba se shvatiti ozbiljno, jer zaista može dovesti do smrti. Iako osoba možda nije imala namjeru da izvrši samoubistvo, već samo da na taj način zatraži pomoć, može u krajnici uraditi nešto veoma nepromišljeno i opasno.

Ako se ovako osjećate ili znate nekoga ko ima ovakve probleme obratite se za pomoć doktoru, hitnoj službi ili nekome u kome imate povjerenja i ko vas može uputiti dalje.

  1. Afektivna nestabilnost

Raspoloženja ovih osoba se konstantno mijenjaju i to bez pravila. Ove osobe izražavaju ova unutrašna stanja bez ustručavanja. To je klasična karakteristika ove njihove problematike. Mnogi ljudi će pokušati da suzbiju svoja osjećanja, pogotovo će to raditi u udređenim socijalnim situacijama, dok će osobe sa GPL odreagovati svako osjećanje bez obzira na situaciju, jer ne znaju kako da regulišu svoja unutrašnja stanja.

  1. Hronični osjećaj unutrašnje praznine

Često će ove osobe reći da su osjećaju prazno, da ništa nemaju u sebi, da ne osjećaju sebe. Te osobe naravno žele da ispune tu prazninu i to najčešće rade kupovanjem, kroz odnose sa drugim ljudima, drogama ili alkoholom itd. Pošto se na taj način praznina ne može ispuniti, ove osobe se nalaze u konstantnom stanju borbe da ispune tu unutrašnju prazninu koja donosi bol i osjećanje nepripadanja.

  1. Neadekvatni napadi bjesa

Vrlo male stvari mogu dovesti ove osobe do ljutnje i one neće reagovati samo verbalno vrjeđanjem i galamom, nego će i bacati i lomiti stvari oko sebe. Ovakve situacije osobe sa GPL prepadnu i uglavnom se poslije takvih ispada one osjećaju loše, postiđeno i kaju se. Nakon ispada bijesa se okreću prema sebi. Što se tada dešava je da samopovrjeđivanje postaje privlačno rješenje da pobjegnu od svih svojih negativnih osjećanja.

  1. Prolazni simptomi paranoje i psihotični simptomi.

Najefektivnija terapija za granični poremećaj ličnosti je dijalektička bihevioralna terapija.

 

Info:

Članak je inspirisan intervjuom sa kliničkim psihologom dr. Ramani Durvasula.

“How to Spot the 9 Traits of Borderline Personality Disorder”, MedCircle

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On Freedom and Responsibility – A Buddhist Perspective

Inspiracija, Inspiration, Personlig udvikling, , , , ,

Kilde

Knowing that we have this great potential, we naturally aspire to freedom. But freedom comes with responsibilities. Many people in the West are very proud to say: We live in a free world, we are free! whereas in fact – from my point of view – they are not. It is true that they are given permission to think, speak and act as they wish, but when such freedom is not supported by wisdom, human beings can behave worse than animals. Although human beings are unique and intelligent, when they lack wisdom, they often misuse their so-called freedom for the wrong purpose. They abuse their mind, their speech and their capacity to act. For me, giving such so-called freedom to people who don’t have the right knowledge and the right training is like giving sharp knives to children. What can a child do with a sharp knife? He will either hurt himself or hurt others. According to my view, such freedom doesn’t really mean too much. You are legally empowered to be free, but within yourself, you are not free at all! Continue reading On Freedom and Responsibility – A Buddhist Perspective →

Most people want to be free but don’t want to take responsibilities. But freedom is inseparable from responsibility! If I have the freedom to think, it is my responsibility to think positively. If I have the freedom to speak, it is my responsibility to speak properly and meaningfully. If I have the freedom to act, it is my responsibility to act correctly. Nobody else can take that decision for me. If every human being could feel responsible in that way, the world would be a better place. But most of us do not take any responsibility for what we say, think and do. We always find excuses for ourselves and put the blame on others or on circumstances. It is of course easier to blame others but, according to the Buddha’s teachings, this will not work, we are at least as responsible as the person we blame.

In Buddhism, we talk about karma. Some people do not want to hear that word and say they do not believe in karma. But instead of calling it karma, we can just call it cause and effect and the meaning becomes very simple. If I punch somebody, he will punch me back. If I say bad things about other people, they will say bad things about me. Everything we think, everything we say, everything we do, has consequences. It means we know that whatever we do will produce effects that we will experience. It is like cultivating a field. If we plant pure seeds, we will have a pure crop, but if we sow weeds, we will produce weeds, not a pure crop. We can only clean a field by going into it and picking up the weeds one by one. We can only weed out our mind by meditating and facing our negative emotions, no matter how painful the process may be.

When I look at what is happening these days throughout the world, I wonder how people can ever trust and believe someone else when they don’t even trust themselves, when they don’t even know what’s going on in their own minds? They don’t know themselves well enough. Many people who are mentally not doing very well only talk about their problems and pains, but the minute they get proper help and feel better, they are afraid. Even when they could experience some happiness, theyreject it because they think they do not deserve it. Their ego pushes them in the wrong direction. If one really thinks one doesn’t deserve happiness, why then worry so much about what happens, why complain and why not allow oneself some happiness? Some people are completely wrapped up in pain and suffering, but actually they don’t want to let go of that pain. They identify with the suffering. Most people are afraid of introspection because they feel they have so much unwanted information in their heads, so much unhappiness, that they don’t want to deal with it.

In this way, people project everything onto others and never accept anything as their own responsibility. They always find ways and means to put the blame on everybody else. But practising Buddhism means taking responsibility for ourselves, which means we cannot blame someone else. And if we follow the Buddhist path for a while, we may come to see that there isn’t even any me in the first place to experience such a pain. We solidify the I, and this I then comes with pleasure and pain.

How can we blame others if there is no me? It is me, this big ego, who’s making judgements. Other people are like mirrors. If we have no mirror, how can we see our reflection? We cannot put the blame on others or on circumstances and take no responsibility for ourselves. This is very easy to understand and it helps us to see the necessity of practice and meditation, of learning to think, speak and act positively and meaningfully, of developing our potential properly. Otherwise we become a crazy and harmful race.

Looking back in history, Buddha, Christ and all the great teachers recognised their potential and used it. They took full responsibility in perfecting their potential and now, 2500 years later, we are still benefiting from their taking this responsibility. Other human beings had exactly the same potential but used it the wrong way. It has recently caused two World Wars, cost millions of lives and brought misery to many more. We can clearly see the difference. The former brought benefit, happiness and everlasting knowledge to their fellow human beings. The latter, misguided, ignorant and lacking wisdom, used their potential to destroy life and we don’t even want to remember their names. In order to take full responsibility for our actions, our speech and our thoughts, it is essential to see that it’s time for all of us to tame and train our body, speech and mind.

Existential Psychologist Rollo May talks about the human dillema

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Rollo May was a existential psychotherapist who emphasized philosophic rather than psychopatological aspects of the human condition. In the following interview he talks about his views and about what the humanity is facing on the level of culture.

Anxiety is seen as a driving force that motivates creativity and the will to act and do something. Rollo May does not see anxiety as a symptom that needs to be removed. He says:

“I think anxiety is associated with creativity. When you are in a situation of anxiety, you can of course run away from it and that is certainly not constructive. Or you can take a few pills to get you over it or take cocain or what ever else you may take … you can meditate …but I think none of those things, including meditation which I happen to belive in, none of those paths will lead you to creative activity. What anxiety means is as though the world is knocking at your door, and you need to create, you need to make something, you need to do something. And I think anxiety thus is for people who have found their own hart and their own souls, and for them it is a stimulus toward creativity, toward courrage: it’s what makes us human beeings….Man is the only creature who can be aware of their own death, and out of that comes normal anxiety. when I let myself feel that than I apply myself to new ideas, I write books, I comunicate with my fellows …. this knowledge of death gives us normal anxiety and the wish to make the most of our lives, and that is what I try to do…

Freedom is also a mother of anxiety. if you don’t have freedom you don’t have anxiety. That is why the slaves in the films have no expression on their faces. they have no freedom, but those of us who do have are allert, alive, we are aware that what we do matter and that we only have about 70, 80 or 90 years in which to do it. So why not do it and get your way out of here rather than running away from it…”

 

Link: http://ideagenerator.dk/rollo-may-and-the-human-dillema/